what is AtMega328P microcontroller?

Arduino boards and other devices use the 8-bit AtMega328-PU microcontroller.  It is a fast-processing semiconductor Chip with low power consumption.   
It is a high-performance, low-power gadget based on the RISC architecture of AVR. 
Additionally, the ATmega328p has 1kb of EEPROM, which is memory that is retained when the device is turned off. 

What is AtMega328-PU microcontroller? Why is the ATmega328-PU called that?

The microcontroller is an Atmel AVR.  In this case, 328 refers to 32 KB of flash or program memory and most likely 8 KB of RAM or ROM.  The AVR architecture serves as the foundation for the 32K, 8-bit ATmega328 microcontroller.  

Nearly 20 MIPS @ 20MHz are achieved by executing numerous instructions in a single clock cycle.  Simply put, Atmega328P uses less power than Atmega328. 
The Atmega328-PU is compatible with our 28 pin AVR development board and is available in a PDIP 28 pin package. 

A comprehensive set of tools for developing programs and systems, such as C compilers, macro assemblers, program debuggers and simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits, are available for the Atmega328P-U AVR. 

what does P mean in Atmega328-PU?

In the first instance, the P (328P) stood for pico power.  In the second instance, the package (PDIP) was represented by the letter P (328P-U).  You ought to have ordered the Atmega328P-U if you needed the pico power chip in a PDIP package. 

Difference between Atmega328 and Atmega328P?

Simply said, the Atmega328P uses less power than the tmega328.

Extra features:-

• Oscillator that is calibrated internally.
• Interruptions, both internal and external.
• Programable brown detection and power on reset.
• Package and I/O.
• Idle, ADC noise reduction, power save, power down, standby, and prolonged standby are among the six sleep modes. 
• 23 I/O lines that can be programmed.
• PDIP package has 28 pins.
• Options for communication include SPI, UART, and I2C.
• 32KB is the program memory size.
• Type and size of data RAM: 2KB SRAM.
• 1024 B EEPROM is the size and kind of data ROM.
• 20 MHz is the maximum clock frequency. 

Low power consumption mode at 1.8v, 1MHz and 25°C:-

• Active mode - 0.3mA
• Power-down mode - 0.1μA
• power-save mode - 0.8μA

Speed grades:-

• 0-4 MHz at 1.8-5.5V
• 0-10 MHz at 2.7-5.5V
• 0-20 MHz at 4.5-5.5V

Atmega328P-U microcontroller applications include:-

• Control systems for motors
• Measurement and manipulation of analog signals 
• Units of display
• Power regulation systems and switched-mode power supplies (SMPS)
• Board for Digital Data Processing Development 
• System for home security
• Coffee makers and vending machines are examples of embedded systems.

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